Igikoresho kirinda ibintu, kizwi kandi nka surge protector cyangwa SPD, cyashizweho kugirango kirinde ibice byamashanyarazi kwirinda amashanyarazi ashobora kuba mumashanyarazi.

Igihe cyose ubwiyongere butunguranye bwumuriro cyangwa voltage bikozwe mumuzunguruko wamashanyarazi cyangwa mumashanyarazi nkurugero rwo kwivanga hanze, igikoresho cyo gukingira gishobora kubaga no guhagarika mugihe gito cyane, bikabuza kwiyongera kwangiza ibindi bikoresho mumuzunguruko. .

Ibikoresho byo gukingira (SPDs) nuburyo buhendutse bwo gukumira ibicuruzwa no kongera sisitemu yo kwizerwa.

Mubisanzwe bashizwe mumwanya wo gukwirakwiza kandi bigira uruhare runini mugukora neza kandi ntahagarikwa ryibikoresho bya elegitoronike muburyo butandukanye bwa porogaramu mugabanya umuvuduko ukabije.

SPD ikora muguhindura voltage irenze iyigihe gito kure yibikoresho bikingiwe.Ubusanzwe igizwe na varisitori ya oxyde oxyde (MOVs) cyangwa imiyoboro isohora gaze ikurura voltage irenze ikayihindura hasi, bityo ikarinda ibikoresho bihujwe.

Umuriro w'amashanyarazi urashobora kubaho kubera impamvu zitandukanye, zirimo inkuba, guhinduranya amashanyarazi, insinga zitari nziza, no gukoresha ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bifite ingufu nyinshi.Birashobora kandi guterwa nibintu bibera imbere mu nyubako, nko gutangira moteri cyangwa kuzimya / kuzimya ibikoresho binini.

Gushyira SPD birashobora gutanga inyungu nyinshi, harimo:

Kurinda ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye kwangiza amashanyarazi.

Kwirinda gutakaza amakuru cyangwa ruswa muri sisitemu ya mudasobwa.

Kongera igihe cyibikoresho nibikoresho mubirinda guhungabana kwamashanyarazi.

Kugabanya ibyago byumuriro wamashanyarazi uterwa numuriro mwinshi.

Amahoro yo mumutima uzi ko ibikoresho byawe bifite agaciro birinzwe.

Ubuzima bwa SPD burashobora gutandukana bitewe nibintu nkubwiza bwabyo, ubukana bwa surges ihura nabyo, hamwe nuburyo bwo kubungabunga.Mubisanzwe, SPDs ifite igihe cyo kubaho kuva kumyaka 5 kugeza 10.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, birasabwa kugenzura buri gihe no kugerageza SPD no kuyisimbuza ibikenewe kugirango uburinzi bwiza.

Gukenera SPDs birashobora gutandukana bitewe nibintu nka geografiya, amabwiriza yaho, hamwe nubushobozi bwibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bihujwe.Nibyiza kugisha inama umuhanga wamashanyarazi cyangwa injeniyeri wamashanyarazi kugirango abone ibyo ukeneye kandi amenye niba SPD ikenewe muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi.

Ibice bike bikunze gukingirwa bikingira bikoreshwa mugukora SPDs ni varisitori ya oxyde ya oxyde (MOVs), diode yameneka ya avalanche (ABDs - yahoze yitwa silicon avalanche diode cyangwa SADs), hamwe nigituba gisohora gaze (GDTs).MOV nubuhanga bukoreshwa cyane mukurinda amashanyarazi ya AC.Ibipimo byiyongera bya MOV bifitanye isano nigice cyambukiranya ibice hamwe nibigize.Muri rusange, uko igice kinini cyambukiranya igice, niko urwego rwiyongera rwibikoresho.MOV muri rusange ni geometrike izengurutse cyangwa urukiramende ariko iza mubwinshi bwibipimo bisanzwe kuva kuri mm 7 (0.28 cm) kugeza kuri mm 80 (3.15 cm).Ibipimo byiyongera byibi bikoresho birinda ibintu bitandukanye kandi biterwa nuwabikoze.Nkuko byaganiriweho mbere muriyi ngingo, muguhuza MOV muburyo bubangikanye, agaciro kiyongereye gashobora kubarwa mugushyiramo gusa ibipimo byerekana ibiciro bya MOV kugiti cyabo hamwe kugirango tubone igipimo cyihuta cyibisobanuro.Mugukora ibyo, hagomba kwitabwaho guhuza ibikorwa.

Hano hari hypotheses nyinshi kubintu, topologiya, hamwe no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryihariye bitanga SPD nziza yo gutandukanya imiyoboro ya surge.Aho kwerekana uburyo bwose bwo guhitamo, nibyiza ko ikiganiro kijyanye no kuzamuka kwiki gihe, Nominal Discharge Rating Rating, cyangwa ubushobozi bwa surge bugenda bushingiye kumikorere yikizamini.Hatitawe kubice byakoreshejwe mugushushanya, cyangwa imiterere yihariye ya mashini yoherejwe, icyangombwa nuko SPD ifite igipimo cyihuta cyizamuka cyangwa Nominal Discharge Ikigereranyo kigezweho kibereye gusaba.

Muri iki gihe, amabwiriza ya IET Wiring, BS 7671: 2018, avuga ko keretse hasuzumwe ingaruka ziterwa n’impanuka, hagomba gutangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda umuvuduko ukabije w’inzibacyuho aho ingaruka ziterwa n’umuriro ukabije zishobora:

Ibisubizo bikomeretsa bikomeye, cyangwa gutakaza ubuzima bwabantu;cyangwa

Ibisubizo mu guhagarika serivisi rusange no / cyangwa kwangiza umurage ndangamuco;cyangwa

Ibisubizo muguhagarika ibikorwa byubucuruzi cyangwa inganda;cyangwa

Ingaruka ku mubare munini wabantu bafatanije.

Aya mabwiriza akurikizwa muburyo bwose bwibibanza birimo imbere mu gihugu, ubucuruzi ninganda.

Mugihe amabwiriza ya IET yo kwifata adasubira inyuma, aho imirimo ikorerwa kumuzunguruko uriho mugihe cyashizweho cyashizweho kandi cyashyizwe kumurongo wabanjirije amabwiriza ya IET Wiring, birakenewe ko umuzunguruko wahinduwe wubahiriza ibishya. integuro, ibi bizagira akamaro gusa niba SPD yashizweho kugirango irinde ibyashizweho byose.

Icyemezo cyo kumenya niba kugura SPD kiri mu maboko y’umukiriya, ariko bagomba guhabwa amakuru ahagije kugirango bafate icyemezo kiboneye niba bashaka kureka SPD.Icyemezo kigomba gufatwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu zishobora guteza umutekano muke no gukurikira isuzuma ryibiciro bya SPDs, bishobora gutwara amafaranga agera kuri magana make, ugereranije nigiciro cyo gushyiramo amashanyarazi nibikoresho bijyana nayo nka mudasobwa, televiziyo nibikoresho nkenerwa, kurugero, kumenya umwotsi no kugenzura ibyuka.

Kurinda kubaga bishobora gushyirwaho mubice byabaguzi bihari niba umwanya uhagije waboneka uhari cyangwa, niba umwanya uhagije utabonetse, urashobora gushyirwaho mukigo cyo hanze cyegeranye nigice gisanzwe cyabaguzi.

Birakwiye kandi kugenzura na sosiyete yawe yubwishingizi kuko politiki zimwe zishobora kuvuga ko ibikoresho bigomba kuba byuzuye SPD cyangwa ntibizishyura mugihe habaye ikibazo.

Itondekanya ryumurinzi urinda (bikunze kwitwa kurinda inkuba) Isuzumwa ukurikije IEC 61643-31 & EN 50539-11 igice cyo gukingira inkuba, gishyizwe ahuza ibice.Ibisabwa bya tekiniki n'imikorere biratandukanye.Icyiciro cya mbere cyo gukingira inkuba cyashyizwe hagati ya zone 0-1, hejuru kubisabwa gutemba, ibisabwa byibuze bya IEC 61643-31 & EN 50539-11 ni Itotal (10/350) 12.5 ka, naho icya kabiri n'icya gatatu urwego rwashyizweho hagati ya 1-2 na 2-3, cyane cyane kugirango uhagarike ingufu zirenze urugero.

Ibikoresho byo gukingira (SPDs) nibyingenzi mukurinda ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ingaruka mbi ziterwa na volvoltage yigihe gito ishobora kwangiza, sisitemu yo hasi, no gutakaza amakuru.

Mubihe byinshi, ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza ibikoresho cyangwa gusana kirashobora kuba ingirakamaro, cyane cyane mubikorwa byingenzi nkibikorwa nkibitaro, ibigo byamakuru, ninganda zinganda.

Inzitizi zumuzunguruko hamwe na fuse ntabwo byashizweho kugirango bikemure ibyo bintu byingufu nyinshi, bigatuma ubundi bwirinzi bukenewe.

Mugihe SPDs yagenewe byumwihariko kugirango ikureho ingufu zigihe gito kure yibikoresho, ikirinda kwangirika no kuramba.

Mu gusoza, SPD ni ngombwa mubidukikije bigezweho.

Ihame ry'akazi rya SPD

Ihame ryibanze inyuma ya SPDs nuko batanga inzira ntoya yo kubangamira kubutaka bwa voltage irenze.Iyo umuvuduko wa voltage cyangwa umuvuduko ubaye, SPDs ikora mukuyobora voltage irenze hamwe numuyoboro hasi.

Muri ubu buryo, ubunini bwa voltage yinjira buramanurwa kurwego rwumutekano rutangiza ibikoresho bifatanye.

Kugirango ukore, igikoresho cyo gukingira cyihuta kigomba kuba kirimo byibuze ikintu kimwe kitari umurongo (varistor cyangwa icyuho cya spark), mubihe bitandukanye bigenda bihinduka hagati ya leta nini kandi ntoya.

Igikorwa cabo nukuyobora gusohora cyangwa gushiramo imbaraga no kugabanya umuvuduko ukabije kubikoresho byo hasi.

Ibikoresho byo kurinda Surge bikora mubihe bitatu byavuzwe hepfo.

A. Imiterere isanzwe (kubura kwa surge)

Mugihe hatabayeho ibihe bidasanzwe, SPD nta ngaruka igira kuri sisitemu kandi ikora nkumuzunguruko ufunguye, iguma muburyo bukabije.

B. Mugihe cya voltage

Mugihe habaye umuvuduko mwinshi wa voltage, SPD yimukira mumashanyarazi kandi impedance yayo yagabanutse.Muri ubu buryo, bizarinda sisitemu mu kuyobya imbaraga za impulse hasi.

C. Subira mubikorwa bisanzwe

Nyuma ya overvoltage imaze gusohoka, SPD yasubiye muburyo busanzwe bwo kwangirika.

Ibikoresho byo Kurinda (SPDs) nibintu byingenzi bigize imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi.Ariko, guhitamo SPD ibereye sisitemu yawe birashobora kuba ikibazo kitoroshye.

Umubare ntarengwa uhoraho wa voltage (UC)

Umuvuduko wapimwe wa SPD ugomba guhuzwa numuyoboro wamashanyarazi kugirango utange uburinzi bukwiye kuri sisitemu.Igipimo cyo hasi ya voltage cyangiza igikoresho kandi urwego rwo hejuru ntiruhindura inzibacyuho neza.

Igihe cyo gusubiza

Byasobanuwe nkigihe cya SPD yitwara kubohereje.SPD yihuse gusubiza, nibyiza kurinda SPD.Mubisanzwe, Zener diode ishingiye kuri SPDs ifite igisubizo cyihuse.Ubwoko bwuzuye gaze bufite igihe cyo gusubiza gahoro gahoro kandi fus nubwoko bwa MOV bifite igihe cyo gusubiza buhoro.

Amazina asohoka (In)

SPD igomba kugeragezwa kuri 8 / 20μs ya flimform kandi agaciro gasanzwe kubatuye miniature-nini ya SPD ni 20kA.

Umubare ntarengwa wo gusohora Ibiriho (Iimp)

Igikoresho kigomba kuba gishobora gukemura ikibazo kinini cyateganijwe giteganijwe kumurongo wo gukwirakwiza kugirango urebe ko kitananirwa mugihe cyinzibacyuho kandi igikoresho kigomba kugeragezwa hamwe na 10 / 350μs.

Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi

Iyi ni voltage ntarengwa kandi hejuru yuru rwego rwa voltage, SPD itangira gukanda inzibacyuho iyo ari yo yose ibona mumashanyarazi.

Inganda nimpamyabumenyi

Guhitamo SPD mubukora bizwi cyane bifite ibyemezo bivuye mubizamini bitabogamye, nka UL cyangwa IEC, ni ngombwa.Icyemezo cyemeza ko ibicuruzwa byasuzumwe kandi bigatsinda imikorere yose nibisabwa umutekano.

Gusobanukirwa naya mabwiriza yingirakamaro bizagufasha guhitamo igikoresho cyiza cyo kurinda surge kubyo ukeneye kandi byemeze kurinda neza.

Ibikoresho byo gukingira (SPDs) byakozwe kugirango bitange uburinzi bwizewe bwumuriro urenze urugero, ariko ibintu bimwe na bimwe birashobora kubananira.Ibikurikira nimwe mumpamvu zifatika zitera SPDs kunanirwa:

1.Imbaraga zirenze urugero

Imwe mumpamvu nyamukuru zitera kunanirwa na SPD ni voltage ikabije, ingufu zirenze urugero zishobora kubaho kubera inkuba, inkongi y'umuriro, cyangwa izindi mashanyarazi.Witondere gushiraho ubwoko bukwiye bwa SPD nyuma yo kubara neza ukurikije ahantu.

2.Ibisaza

Bitewe nibidukikije birimo ubushyuhe nubushuhe, SPDs ifite ubuzima buke kandi ishobora kwangirika mugihe.Byongeye kandi, SPDs irashobora kwangizwa ninshuro nyinshi za voltage.

3.Ibibazo byimiterere

Byahinduwe nabi, nkigihe iyo wye-igizwe na SPD ihujwe numutwaro uhujwe na delta.Ibi birashobora kwerekana SPD kuri voltage nini, bishobora kuviramo kunanirwa kwa SPD.

4. Kunanirwa kw'ibigize

SPDs irimo ibice byinshi, nka varisitori ya oxyde oxyde (MOVs), ishobora kunanirwa kubera inenge zakozwe cyangwa ibidukikije.

5.Ubutaka budakwiye

Kugirango SPD ikore neza, guhagarara birakenewe.SPD irashobora gukora nabi cyangwa birashoboka ko ihinduka impungenge z'umutekano niba idafite ishingiro.