Isixhobo sokhuselo sotyando, esaziwa ngokuba sisikhuseli sokutyanda okanye i-SPD, siyilelwe ukukhusela izinto zombane ngokuchasene nokunyuka kwamandla ombane okunokwenzeka kwisekethi yombane.

Nanini na xa ukonyuka ngequbuliso kumbane okanye i-voltage iveliswa kwisekethe yombane okanye isekethe yonxibelelwano njengesiphumo sokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, isixhobo sokukhusela umtshini sinokuqhuba kwaye sivale ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, sithintele ukutyhutyha ukonakalisa ezinye izixhobo kwisekethe. .

Izixhobo zokukhusela i-Surge (SPDs) yindlela eneendleko zokuthintela ukuphuma kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo zifakwe kwiipaneli zokusabalalisa kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokungaphazamiseki kwezixhobo zombane kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ngokunciphisa ukugqithisa okwethutyana.

I-SPD isebenza ngokuphambukisa amandla ombane agqithileyo ukusuka kwisantya esidlulayo kude nesixhobo esikhuselweyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulathe i-metal oxide varistors (MOVs) okanye iityhubhu zokukhupha igesi ezifunxa amandla ombane agqithileyo kwaye ziwabuyisele emhlabeni, ngaloo ndlela zikhusela izixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo.

Ukunyuka kwamandla kunokwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukubetha kombane, ukutshintshwa kwegridi yombane, i-wiring ephosakeleyo, kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo zombane eziphezulu.Zisenokubangelwa ziziganeko ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, ezifana nokuqaliswa kweemoto okanye ukucima/ukucima izixhobo ezinkulu.

Ukufakela iSPD kunokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, kuquka:

Ukukhuselwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinovakalelo ekonakalisweni kokunyuka kwamandla ombane.

Ukuthintelwa kokulahleka kwedatha okanye urhwaphilizo kwiinkqubo zekhompyuter.

Ukwandiswa kwexesha lokuphila kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ngokuzikhusela kukuphazamiseka kombane.

Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wemililo yombane obangelwa kukunyuka kwamandla.

Uxolo lwengqondo lusazi ukuba isixhobo sakho esixabisekileyo sikhuselekile.

Ubomi be-SPD bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nomgangatho wayo, ubuzaza botyando edibana nabo, kunye nezenzo zogcino.Ngokubanzi, ii-SPDs zinobomi obususela kwi-5 ukuya kwi-10 iminyaka.Nangona kunjalo, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlole rhoqo kwaye uvavanye i-SPD kwaye uyibuyisele njengoko kufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo.

Isidingo seeSPDs sinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nendawo yejografi, imimiselo yendawo, kunye novakalelo lwezixhobo zombane eziqhagamshelweyo.Kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane nombane oqeqeshiweyo okanye injineli yombane ukuvavanya iimfuno zakho ezithile kwaye ubone ukuba iSPD iyimfuneko kwinkqubo yakho yombane.

Amacandelo ambalwa aqhelekileyo okukhusela asetyenziswa ekuveliseni i-SPDs i-metal oxide varistors (MOVs), i-avalanche breakdown diodes (ABDs - eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi-silicon avalanche diodes okanye i-SADs), kunye ne-gas discharge tubes (GDTs).Ii-MOV zezona teknoloji zixhaphakileyo zokukhusela iisekethe zamandla e-AC.Umlinganiselo wangoku wokunyuka kwe-MOV unxulumene nommandla we-cross-sectional kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo.Ngokubanzi, ubukhulu bendawo enqamlezileyo, iphezulu inqanaba lokunyuka kwesixhobo.Ii-MOVs ngokubanzi zezejiyometri engqukuva okanye exande kodwa ziza kubuninzi bemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-7 mm (0.28 intshi) ukuya kwi-80 mm (3.15 intshi).Imilinganiselo yangoku yangoku yala malungu akhuselayo ahluka ngokubanzi kwaye axhomekeke kumvelisi.Njengoko kuxoxiwe ngaphambili kweli solotya, ngokudibanisa ii-MOVs kuluhlu olunxuseneyo, ixabiso langoku lokunyuka lingabalwa ngokudibanisa nje ukulinganisa kwangoku kwe-MOVs nganye kunye ukuze kufumaneke umlinganiselo wangoku wokunyuka koluhlu.Ngokwenza oko, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukulungelelaniswa komsebenzi.

Zininzi iingqikelelo malunga nokuba yeyiphi icandelo, yeyiphi i-topology, kunye nokusasazwa kwetekhnoloji ethile evelisa eyona SPD ilungileyo yokuphambukisa utyando lwangoku.Endaweni yokubonisa zonke iinketho, okona kulungileyo ukuba ingxoxo yovavanyo lwangoku, ukukhutshwa kweNominal Discharge yangoku, okanye amandla akhoyo ajikeleze idatha yovavanyo lokusebenza.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na amacandelo asetyenzisiweyo kuyilo, okanye isakhiwo esithile somatshini esisetyenzisiweyo, into ebalulekileyo kukuba i-SPD inomlinganiselo wokunyuka kwangoku okanye i-Nominal Discharge Current Rating efanelekileyo kwisicelo.

Ushicilelo lwangoku lwe-IET Wiring Regulations, BS 7671: 2018, ithi ngaphandle kokuba uvavanyo lomngcipheko lwenziwe, ukukhuselwa kwi-overvoltage edlulayo kuya kubonelelwa apho isiphumo esibangelwa ku-overvoltage sinokuthi:

Isiphumo sokwenzakala kakhulu, okanye ekuphulukaneni nobomi bomntu;okanye

Isiphumo sokuphazanyiswa kweenkonzo zoluntu kunye/okanye umonakalo kwilifa lenkcubeko;okanye

Isiphumo sokuphazanyiswa kwemisebenzi yorhwebo okanye yoshishino;okanye

Ichaphazela inani elikhulu labantu abahlala kunye.

Lo mmiselo usebenza kuzo zonke iindidi zezakhiwo ezibandakanya ezasekhaya, zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino.

Ngelixa iMimiselo yoWiring ye-IET ingajongi emva, apho kusetyenzwa kwisekethe esele ikhona ngaphakathi kufakelo oluyilwe lwaza lwafakelwa kuhlelo lwangaphambili lweMimiselo yoWiring ye-IET, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba isekethe ehlengahlengisiweyo ingqinelana nezamvanje. edition, oku kuya kuba luncedo kuphela ukuba i-SPDs ifakwe ukukhusela ukufakwa okupheleleyo.

Isigqibo malunga nokuba uthenge i-SPDs ezandleni zomthengi, kodwa kufuneka banikwe ulwazi olwaneleyo ukwenza isigqibo esinolwazi malunga nokuba banqwenela ukushiya i-SPD.Isigqibo kufuneka senziwe ngokusekelwe kwimiba yomngcipheko wokhuseleko kunye nokulandela ukuvavanywa kweendleko ze-SPDs, ezinokubiza imali encinci njengeeponti ezingamakhulu ambalwa, ngokuchasene neendleko zofakelo lombane kunye nezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kuyo njengeekhompyuter, iiTV kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko, umzekelo, ukubona umsi kunye nolawulo lwebhoyila.

Ukukhuselwa kwe-surgery kunokufakwa kwiyunithi ekhoyo yabathengi ukuba indawo efanelekileyo ebonakalayo yayikhona okanye, ukuba indawo eyaneleyo yayingekho, inokufakwa kwindawo evalelekileyo yangaphandle kufuphi neyunithi ekhoyo yabathengi.

Kukwafanelekile ukujonga nenkampani yakho yeinshurensi njengoko eminye imigaqo-nkqubo inokuthi izixhobo kufuneka zifakwe kwi-SPD okanye aziyi kuhlawula xa kukho ibango.

Ukuhlelwa komkhuseli wokutyanda (okwaziwa njengokhuseleko lombane) Uvavanywa ngokwe-IEC 61643-31 kunye ne-EN 50539-11 ithiyori yokwahlulahlula umbane, efakwe kwindawo yokuhlangana kwesahlulelo.Iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi iyahluka.Isixhobo sokukhusela umbane kwisigaba sokuqala sifakwe phakathi kwendawo ye-0-1, ephakamileyo kwimfuno yokuhamba, imfuno encinci ye-IEC 61643-31 & EN 50539-11 yi-Itotal (10/350) 12.5 ka, kunye neyesibini neyesithathu. amanqanaba afakwe phakathi kwe-1-2 kunye ne-2-3 yommandla, ngokukodwa ukucinezela ukugqithisa.

Izixhobo zokukhusela i-Surge (SPDs) zibalulekile ekukhuseleni izixhobo zombane kwimiphumo eyingozi yokugqithisa okwexeshana okunokubangela umonakalo, ixesha lokunciphisa inkqubo, kunye nokulahleka kwedatha.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, iindleko zokutshintshwa kwezixhobo okanye ukulungiswa kunokubaluleka, ngokukodwa kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo zemishini ezifana nezibhedlele, amaziko edatha, kunye nezityalo zoshishino.

Ii-Circuit breakers kunye ne-fuses aziyilwanga ukuphatha ezi ziganeko zamandla aphezulu, okwenza ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo lokutya luyimfuneko.

Ngelixa ii-SPDs ziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuphambukisa i-overvoltage edlulayo kude nesixhobo, ukuyikhusela kumonakalo kunye nokwandisa ubomi bayo.

Ukuqukumbela, iiSPD zibalulekile kwimekobume yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje.

Umgaqo wokuSebenza weSPD

Umgaqo osisiseko emva kwee-SPDs kukuba zibonelela ngendlela ephantsi ye-impedance emhlabeni kumbane ogqithisileyo.Xa i-voltage spikes okanye i-surges isenzeka, ii-SPDs zisebenza ngokuphambukisa umbane ogqithisileyo kunye nokhoyo emhlabeni.

Ngale ndlela, ubukhulu bamandla ombane angenayo buthotywa ukuya kwinqanaba elikhuselekileyo elingonakalisi isixhobo esincanyathiselweyo.

Ukuze usebenze, isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge kufuneka siqukathe ubuncinci icandelo elinye elingenamgca (i-varistor okanye i-spark gap), phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokutshintsha phakathi kwe-impedance state ephezulu nephantsi.

Umsebenzi wabo kukuguqula ukukhutshwa okanye i-impulse current kunye nokunciphisa umbane ogqithiseleyo kwisixhobo esisezantsi.

Izixhobo zokukhusela iSurgery zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezintathu ezidweliswe ngezantsi.

A. Imeko eqhelekileyo (ukungabikho kotyando)

Kwimeko yokungabikho kweemeko zokunyuka, i-SPD ayinayo impembelelo kwinkqubo kwaye isebenza njengesekethe evulekileyo, ihlala ikwimeko ephezulu ye-impedance.

B. Ngexesha lokunyuka kwamandla ombane

Kwimeko ye-voltage spikes kunye nokunyuka, i-SPD ifudukela kwimeko yokuqhubela phambili kwaye ukuthintela kwayo kunciphile.Ngale ndlela, iya kukhusela inkqubo ngokuphambukisa i-impulse current emhlabeni.

C. Buyela ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo

Emva kokuba i-overvoltage ikhutshiwe, i-SPD ibuyele kwisimo sayo esiqhelekileyo sokuphazamiseka.

Izixhobo zoKhuseleko lweSurgery (SPDs) zizinto ezibalulekileyo zothungelwano lombane.Nangona kunjalo, ukukhetha iSPD efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yakho kunokuba ngumba onzima.

Ubona mandla ombane osebenzayo oqhubekayo (UC)

Amandla ombane alinganisiweyo eSPD kufuneka ahambelane nombane wenkqubo yombane ukunika ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwisixokelelwano.Umlinganiselo wombane osezantsi uyawonakalisa isixhobo kwaye umlinganiselo ophezulu awuyi kuphambukisa odlulayo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ixesha lokuphendula

Ichazwa njengexesha le-SPD lisabela kwizinto ezidlulayo.I-SPD ekhawulezayo iphendula, ngcono ukukhuselwa yi-SPD.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-SPD ze-Zener diode zineempendulo ezikhawulezayo.Iintlobo ezizaliswe ngerhasi zinexesha lokuphendula elicothayo kwaye iifuse kunye neentlobo ze-MOV zinexesha lokuphendula elicothayo.

Ukukhutshwa okuqhelekileyo okwangoku (Ngaphakathi)

I-SPD kufuneka ivavanywe kwi-8/20μs ye-waveform kunye nexabiso eliqhelekileyo le-SPD encinci yendawo yokuhlala yi-20kA.

Ukukhutshwa kwempembelelo enkulu yangoku (Iimp)

Isixhobo kufuneka sikwazi ukusingatha ubuninzi bokunyuka kwangoku okulindeleke kwinethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiphumeleli ngexesha lesiganeko esidlulayo kwaye isixhobo kufuneka sivavanywe nge-10/350μs waveform.

I-Clamping Voltage

Lo ngumbane womda wombane kwaye ungaphezulu kwalo mgangatho wamandla ombane, iSPD iqalisa ukucinezela nawaphi na amandla ombane adlulayo athi ayibhaqe kwintambo yombane.

Umenzi kunye neziQinisekiso

Ukukhetha iSPD kumvelisi owaziwayo onesatifikethi kwiziko lovavanyo elingakhethi cala, elifana ne-UL okanye i-IEC, kubalulekile.Isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuba imveliso ihlolwe kwaye idlula zonke iimfuno zokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.

Ukuqonda ezi zikhokelo zokulinganisa kuya kukuvumela ukuba ukhethe esona sixhobo sokhuselo sotyando kwiimfuno zakho kwaye uqinisekise ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lotyando.

Izixhobo zokukhusela i-Surge (SPDs) zenzelwe ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo kwi-overvoltages edlulayo, kodwa izinto ezithile zingakhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwazo.Oku kulandelayo zezinye zezizathu ezibangela ukusilela kweSPDs:

1.Ukunyuka kwamandla okugqithisileyo

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwe-SPD kukugqithisa, ukugqithiswa kwe-voltage kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokubetha kombane, ukunyuka kwamandla, okanye okunye ukuphazamiseka kombane.Qinisekisa ukuba ufake uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwe-SPD emva kokubalwa koyilo olufanelekileyo ngokwendawo.

2.Ageing factor

Ngenxa yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kubandakanya ubushushu kunye nokufuma, ii-SPDs zinobomi obulinganiselweyo beshelufu kwaye zinokuhla ngokuhamba kwexesha.Ngaphaya koko, ii-SPDs zinokwenzakala ngokunyuka kwamandla ombane rhoqo.

3.Imiba yoqwalaselo

Ingaqwalaselwanga kakuhle, njengaxa iSPD idityanisiwe kumthwalo odityaniswe nge-delta.Oku kunokuveza i-SPD kumbane omkhulu, onokuthi ubangele ukusilela kwe-SPD.

4.Ukusilela kwecandelo

I-SPDs iqulethe amacandelo amaninzi, afana ne-metal oxide varistors (MOVs), enokusilela ngenxa yeziphene zokuvelisa okanye izinto zokusingqongileyo.

5.Isiseko esingafanelekanga

Ukuze iSPD isebenze ngokufanelekileyo, ukusekwa kuyafuneka.I-SPD inokungasebenzi kakuhle okanye mhlawumbi ibe yinkxalabo yokhuseleko ukuba ayisekelwanga ngendlela engafanelekanga.