Idivayisi yokuvikela ukuhlinza, eyaziwa nangokuthi isivikelo sokuhlinza noma i-SPD, iklanyelwe ukuvikela izingxenye zikagesi ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kagesi okungenzeka kumjikelezo kagesi.

Noma kunini lapho ukwanda okungazelelwe kwamandla kagesi noma i-voltage kukhiqizwa kusekethe kagesi noma isekethe yokuxhumana ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka ingase iqhube futhi ishunqe ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ivimbele ukuqubuka ekulimazeni amanye amadivaysi asesekethe. .

Amadivaysi okuvikela ama-Surge (ama-SPD) ayindlela engabizi kakhulu yokuvimbela ukuphuma nokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu.

Ngokuvamile afakwa kumaphaneli okusabalalisa futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okushelelayo nokungaphazamiseki kwamadivayisi kagesi kuhlelo olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokukhawulela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwesikhashana.

I-SPD isebenza ngokuphambukisa i-voltage eyeqile kusukela ekukhuphukeni kwesikhashana kude nezinto ezivikelwe.Ngokuvamile iqukethe i-metal oxide varistors (MOVs) noma amashubhu akhipha igesi amunca amandla kagesi amaningi futhi ayiqondise kabusha phansi, ngaleyo ndlela avikele amadivayisi axhunyiwe.

Ukuphakama kwamandla kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukushaywa kombani, ukushintsha igridi kagesi, izintambo ezinephutha, nokusebenza kwemishini kagesi enamandla amakhulu.Futhi zingabangelwa izehlakalo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhilidi, njengokuqaliswa kwamamotho noma ukucisha/ukuvalwa kwezinto ezinkulu zikagesi.

Ukufaka i-SPD kunganikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa:

Ukuvikela okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi ebucayi ekukhuphukeni kukagesi okulimazayo.

Ukuvinjelwa kokulahleka kwedatha noma inkohlakalo kumasistimu ekhompyutha.

Ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokuphila kwezinto zikagesi namathuluzi ngokuzivikela ekuphazanyisweni kukagesi.

Ukunciphisa ingozi yomlilo kagesi ebangelwa ukunyuka kwamandla kagesi.

Ukuthula kwengqondo ngokwazi ukuthi izinto zakho ezibalulekile zivikelekile.

Ubude besikhathi be-SPD bungahluka kuye ngezinto ezifana nekhwalithi yayo, ubukhali bokuhlinzwa ehlangabezana nabo, kanye nezinqubo zokunakekela.Ngokuvamile, ama-SPD anesikhathi sokuphila esisukela eminyakeni emi-5 kuye kweyi-10.Kodwa-ke, kuyanconywa ukuthi uhlole njalo futhi uhlole ama-SPD futhi uwashintshe njengoba kudingeka ukuze uqinisekise ukuvikeleka okuphelele.

Isidingo sama-SPD singase sihluke kuye ngezinto ezifana nendawo, imithetho yendawo, nokuzwela kwempahla kagesi exhunyiwe.Kutuswa ukuthi uxhumane nochwepheshe kagesi noma unjiniyela kagesi ukuze ahlole izidingo zakho ezithile futhi anqume ukuthi i-SPD iyadingeka yini ohlelweni lwakho lukagesi.

Izingxenye ezimbalwa ezivamile zokuvikela ukuhlinza ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-SPD ama-metal oxide varistors (MOVs), ama-avalanche breakdown diode (ama-ABD - ngaphambili ayewaziwa ngokuthi ama-silicon avalanche diode noma ama-SAD), kanye namashubhu okukhipha igesi (GDTs).Ama-MOV ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvikela amasekhethi kagesi e-AC.Isilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka kwe-MOV sihlobene nendawo ehlukanisayo kanye nokwakheka kwayo.Ngokuvamile, indawo enkulu ye-cross-sectional, iphakamisa ukulinganisa kwamanje kwedivayisi.Ama-MOV ngokuvamile awejiyomethri eyisiyingi noma engunxande kodwa eza ngobuningi bobukhulu obujwayelekile ukusuka ku-7 mm (0.28 amayintshi) ukuya ku-80 mm (3.15 amayintshi).Izilinganiso zamanje zokukhuphuka zalezi zingxenye zokuvikela ekukhuphukeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike kumkhiqizi.Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili kulesi sigatshana somthetho, ngokuxhuma ama-MOV ohlwini olufanayo, inani lamanje lokukhuphuka lingabalwa ngokumane kwengezwe izilinganiso zamanje ezikhulayo zama-MOV angawodwana ndawonye ukuze kutholwe isilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka samalungu afanayo.Ngokwenza kanjalo, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukudidiyelwa kokusebenza.

Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi iyiphi ingxenye, iyiphi i-topology, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe obuthile okukhiqiza i-SPD engcono kakhulu yokuphambukisa ukusebenza kwamanje.Esikhundleni sokwethula zonke izinketho, kuhle kakhulu ukuthi ingxoxo yokulinganisa kwamanje kokwenyuka, Isilinganiso Samanje Sokukhipha I-Nominal Discharge, noma amandla amanje okwandayo igxile kudatha yokuhlola ukusebenza.Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni, noma isakhiwo esithile sokusebenza esisetshenzisiwe, okubalulekile ukuthi i-SPD inesilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka noma Isilinganiso Samanje Sokukhipha Okubalulekile esilungele uhlelo lokusebenza.

Uhlelo lwamanje lwe-IET Wiring Regulations, BS 7671:2018, luthi ngaphandle uma kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwengcuphe, ukuvikelwa ekugqileni kwesikhashana kuzonikezwa lapho umphumela obangelwe ukugcwala ngokweqile kungaba:

Umphumela wokulimala kabi, noma ukulahlekelwa, ukuphila komuntu;noma

Umphumela wokuphazanyiswa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi kanye/noma ukulimala kwamagugu amasiko;noma

Umphumela wokuphazanyiswa komsebenzi wezohwebo noma wezimboni;noma

Kuthinta inani elikhulu labantu abahlala ndawonye.

Lo mthethonqubo usebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezibandakanya ezasekhaya, ezohwebo nezimboni.

Yize iMithethonqubo Yokuxhuma Izintambo ze-IET ingabukeli emuva, lapho umsebenzi wenziwa kusekethe ekhona ngaphakathi kokufakwa okuklanywe futhi kwafakwa kuhlelo lwangaphambilini lweMithethonqubo Yokuxhuma Izintambo ze-IET, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isekethe elungisiwe ihambisana nokwakamuva. edition, lokhu kuzoba yinzuzo kuphela uma ama-SPD efakiwe ukuvikela ukufakwa konke.

Isinqumo sokuthi athenge ama-SPD sisezandleni zekhasimende, kodwa kufanele anikezwe ulwazi olwanele ukuze enze isinqumo esinolwazi mayelana nokuthi afuna ukuwayeka yini ama-SPD.Isinqumo kufanele senziwe ngokusekelwe ezicini zengozi yezokuphepha nokulandela ukuhlolwa kwezindleko zama-SPD, okungase kubize cishe amaphawundi angamakhulu ambalwa, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokufakwa kukagesi nezinto zokusebenza ezixhunywe kuwo njengamakhompyutha, ama-TV nezinto zokusebenza ezidingekayo, isibonelo, ukutholwa kwentuthu kanye nezilawuli zokubhayela.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-surgery bekungafakwa kuyunithi ekhona yabathengi uma indawo ebonakalayo itholakala noma, uma isikhala esanele singekho, singafakwa endaweni ebiyelwe yangaphandle eseduze neyunithi yomthengi ekhona.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuthi uhlole inkampani yakho yomshwalense njengoba ezinye izinqubomgomo zingasho ukuthi okokusebenza kufanele kukhavwe ne-SPD noma ngeke bakhokhe uma kwenzeka isicelo.

Ukuhlelwa kwesivikeli sokuhlinza (esivame ukwaziwa njengokuvikelwa kombani) kuhlolwa ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-31 & EN 50539-11 ithiyori yokuvikela umbani yokuhlukanisa, efakwe lapho kuhlangana khona ukwahlukanisa.Izidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye nemisebenzi iyehluka.Idivayisi yokuvikela umbani yesigaba sokuqala ifakwe phakathi kwendawo engu-0-1, iphakeme ngokwesidingo sokugeleza, imfuneko encane ye-IEC 61643-31 & EN 50539-11 yi-Itotal (10/350) 12.5 ka, kanti eyesibili neyesithathu amazinga afakwe phakathi kwezindawo ezi-1-2 nezi-2-3, ikakhulukazi ukucindezela ukugcwala ngokweqile.

Imishini yokuvikela i-Surge (ama-SPD) ibalulekile ekuvikeleni okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi emiphumeleni eyingozi yokugcwala ngokweqile kwesikhashana okungadala umonakalo, ukungasebenzi kwesistimu, nokulahleka kwedatha.

Ezimweni eziningi, izindleko zokushintshwa kwemishini noma ukukhanda zingabaluleka, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezifana nezibhedlela, izikhungo zedatha, nezitshalo zezimboni.

Izinqamuli zesekethe nama-fuse akuklanyelwe ukuphatha le micimbi yamandla aphezulu, okwenza ukuvikelwa kokuhlinzwa okwengeziwe kudingeke.

Nakuba ama-SPD aklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukuphambukisa ukugeleza kwamandla okudlula emshinini, ukuyivikela emonakalweni nokwandisa ubude bayo bempilo.

Sengiphetha, ama-SPD abalulekile endaweni yesimanje yezobuchwepheshe.

Umgomo Wokusebenza we-SPD

Umgomo oyisisekelo ngemuva kwama-SPDs ukuthi ahlinzeka ngendlela ephansi yokuvimba amandla ogesi oweqile.Uma ama-voltage spikes noma ukuphakama kwenzeka, ama-SPD asebenza ngokuphambukisa i-voltage eyeqile namanje phansi.

Ngale ndlela, ubukhulu be-voltage engenayo yehliselwa ezingeni eliphephile elingalimazi idivayisi enamathiselwe.

Ukuze usebenze, idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kufanele iqukathe okungenani ingxenye eyodwa engaqondile (i-varistor noma i-spark gap), okuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ishintshe phakathi kwe-impedance ephezulu nephansi.

Umsebenzi wabo ukuphambukisa ukukhishwa noma umsinga womfutho kanye nokukhawulela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwezinto zokusebenza ezansi nomfula.

Amadivayisi okuvikela ama-surgery asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezintathu ezibalwe ngezansi.

A. Isimo Esijwayelekile (ukungabikho kokuhlinzwa)

Uma kungabikho izimo zokuhlinzwa, i-SPD ayinawo umthelela ohlelweni futhi isebenza njengesifunda esivulekile, ihlala isesimweni esiphezulu se-impedance.

B. Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi

Esimeni sama-voltage spikes kanye nama-surges, i-SPD ithuthela esimweni sokuqhuba futhi ukuvimbela kwayo kwehle.Ngale ndlela, izovikela uhlelo ngokuphambukisa i-impulse current emhlabathini.

C. Buyela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile

Ngemuva kokuthi i-overvoltage isikhishiwe, i-SPD ishintshele esimweni sayo esivamile sokungasebenzi kahle.

I-Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) iyingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi kagesi.Nokho, ukukhetha i-SPD efanelekile yohlelo lwakho kungase kube inkinga enzima.

I-voltage ephezulu eqhubekayo yokusebenza (UC)

I-voltage elinganiselwe ye-SPD kufanele ihambisane ne-voltage yesistimu kagesi ukuze inikeze ukuvikeleka okufanele ohlelweni.Isilinganiso samandla kagesi esiphansi sizolimaza idivayisi futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu ngeke siphambukise isikhashana ngendlela efanele.

Isikhathi sokuphendula

Kuchazwa njengesikhathi se-SPD sisabela kokudlulayo.Ukusabela okusheshayo kwe-SPD, kungcono ukuvikelwa yi-SPD.Imvamisa, ama-SPD asuselwa kuZener diode anempendulo eshesha kakhulu.Izinhlobo ezigcwele igesi zinesikhathi sokuphendula esinensa uma kuqhathaniswa namafuse futhi izinhlobo ze-MOV zinesikhathi sokuphendula esinensa kakhulu.

Ukukhishwa okujwayelekile okwamanje (Kuphakathi)

I-SPD kufanele ihlolwe ku-8/20μs futhi inani elijwayelekile le-SPD yosayizi omncane wendawo yokuhlala ngu-20kA.

Ukukhishwa okukhulu komfutho wamanje (Iimp)

Idivayisi kufanele ikwazi ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wamanje wokukhuphuka okulindeleke kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayihluleki phakathi nomcimbi wesikhashana futhi idivayisi kufanele ihlolwe nge-waveform engu-10/350μs.

I-Clamping Voltage

Lena i-threshold voltage futhi ngaphezu kwaleli zinga le-voltage, i-SPD iqala ukubopha noma iyiphi i-voltage edlulayo eyitholayo entanjeni yamandla.

Umkhiqizi kanye Nezitifiketi

Ukukhetha i-SPD kumkhiqizi owaziwayo onesitifiketi esivela endaweni yokuhlola engachemi, njenge-UL noma i-IEC, kubalulekile.Isitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhloliwe futhi udlula zonke izidingo zokusebenza nezokuphepha.

Ukuqonda le mihlahlandlela yokulinganisa kuzokuvumela ukuthi ukhethe idivayisi engcono kakhulu yokuvikela ukuhlinza ngezidingo zakho futhi uqinisekise ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kokuhlinza.

Amadivayisi okuvikela ama-Surge (ama-SPD) akhiwe ukuze anikeze ukuvikeleka okuthembekile ngokumelene no-overvoltage wesikhashana, kodwa izici ezithile zingaholela ekwehlulekeni kwawo.Okulandelayo ezinye zezizathu eziyisisekelo zokuhluleka kwama-SPD:

1.Ukwanda kwamandla amakhulu

Esinye sezimbangela eziyinhloko zokwehluleka kwe-SPD ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukugcwala ngokweqile kungenzeka ngenxa yombani, ukuphakama kwamandla, noma okunye ukuphazamiseka kukagesi.Qiniseka ukuthi ufaka uhlobo olulungile lwe-SPD ngemva kokubalwa kwedizayini efanele ngokuya ngendawo.

2.Isici sokuguga

Ngenxa yezimo zemvelo ezihlanganisa izinga lokushisa nomswakama, ama-SPD aneshelufu elilinganiselwe lempilo futhi angase awone ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SPD angalinyazwa ama-voltage spikes avamile.

3.Izinkinga zokumisa

Akulungiselelwe kahle, njengalapho i-SPD elungiselelwe i-wye ixhunywe kumthwalo oxhunywe nge-delta.Lokhu kungase kudalule i-SPD kuma-voltage amakhulu, okungase kubangele ukwehluleka kwe-SPD.

4.Ukwehluleka kwengxenye

Ama-SPD aqukethe izingxenye ezimbalwa, njenge-metal oxide varistors (MOVs), ezingahluleka ngenxa yokukhubazeka kokukhiqiza noma izici zemvelo.

5.Isisekelo esingafanele

Ukuze i-SPD isebenze kahle, ukugxilisa kuyadingeka.I-SPD ingase ingasebenzi kahle noma mhlawumbe ibe ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha uma isekelwe ngokungafanele.